The clutch. It works in literally a very similar way to how a clutch in a car works..
When you bring the machine upright a piece of plastic on the chassis pushes against the clutch disengaging the friction plate, when reclining the machine the spring within the clutch automatically pushes it back and thus reengaging the friction plate and making the belt turn. When you physically turn the knob, your doing exactly the same as the machine does automatically, but you turn it further to just lock it into place.
I have actually known (although pretty rare and only seen it twice in many machines ive dealt with) for the clutch friction material to wear out, again, exactly like that of a car, causing the clutch to slip when the brushroll hits carpet and is under load. New belts fitted and the brush still stopped under load, swapped out the friction plate and was good as new. Must be on machines that experience an awful lot of on and off on the brush.